新型靶向生物制剂治疗重症肌无力的作用机制及临床研究进展
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篇名: 新型靶向生物制剂治疗重症肌无力的作用机制及临床研究进展
TITLE: Mechanism of action and clinical research progress of novel targeted biologics for myasthenia gravis
摘要: 重症肌无力(MG)的药物治疗方案正从广谱免疫抑制剂的非特异性免疫抑制转向新型靶向生物制剂的精准治疗。本文综述了新型靶向生物制剂治疗MG的作用机制与临床研究进展,发现新型靶向生物制剂可通过“上游抑制B细胞活化与致病性自身抗体生成、中游阻断补体过度激活、下游加速致病性免疫球蛋白G降解”的三重机制,改善MG的症状。在临床上,CD20单抗类药物(如利妥昔单抗、奥法妥木单抗)、贝利尤单抗、泰它西普、补体抑制剂(如依库珠单抗、瑞利珠单抗)、新生儿Fc受体拮抗剂(如艾加莫德α、巴托利单抗)可通过上述作用机制,以及托珠单抗等白细胞介素6抑制剂可通过抑制炎症反应,对MG患者显示出不错的疗效。但该类制剂目前尚存在价格高昂导致可及性不足、部分药物仅对特定抗体亚型有效、特殊人群临床研究数据较少等不足。未来需进一步深化该类制剂的作用机制研究,推动大样本、长期随访的临床试验,结合MG分型探索个体化用药策略,为MG患者提供更精准、更可及的治疗选择。
ABSTRACT: The pharmacological treatment strategy for myasthenia gravis (MG) is transitioning from nonspecific immunosuppression with broad-spectrum immunosuppressive agents to precise therapy with novel targeted biologics. This review summarizes the mechanisms of action and clinical research progress of novel targeted biologics, revealing that these agents can improve MG symptom through a three-tiered mechanism:“ upstream inhibition of B-cell activation and pathogenic autoantibody production, midstream suppression of excessive complement activation, and downstream acceleration of pathogenic immunoglobulin G degradation”. Clinically, CD20 monoclonal antibodies (e.g. rituximab, ofatumumab), belimumab, telitacicept, complement inhibitors (e.g. eculizumab, ravulizumab), and neonatal Fc receptor antagonists (e.g. efgartigimod α) demonstrate efficacy via these mechanisms, while interleukin-6 inhibitors (e. g. tocilizumab) show promising results by suppressing inflammatory responses. However, current limitations include high costs leading to limited accessibility, drug efficacy restricted to specific antibody subtypes, and insufficient clinical data for special populations. Future research should deepen mechanistic studies, promote large-sample, long-term follow-up clinical trials, and explore personalized treatment strategies based on MG subtypes to provide more precise and accessible therapeutic options for MG patients.
期刊: 2025年第36卷第23期
作者: 周子靖;李劲频
AUTHORS: ZHOU Zijing,LI Jinpin
关键字: 重症肌无力;新型靶向生物制剂;B细胞靶向治疗;补体抑制剂;FcRn拮抗剂;作用机制;临床用药
KEYWORDS: myasthenia gravis; novel targeted biologics; B-cell targeted therapy; complement inhibitors; FcRn antagonists;
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